I have never served in the military (although I was in the Peace Corps many years ago). However, my grandfather was a pilot in World War I (!) and my oldest brother was in the Navy during the Vietnam War. I have the utmost respect for those military personnel and their families who have sacrificed so much for their country.
I have covered war metaphors extensively in previous posts. However, on this Memorial Day, I would like to add a few more examples of metaphors based on experiences of military personnel after the end of a war.
After the War
win its share of battles
Presidential elections are often referred to as battles, but candidates must earn the greatest number of votes in each state. Each candidate must win the most popular and electoral votes to win the election. Thus, after an election, commentators may claim that one party or the other won its share of battles in an election.
Example: In 2008, John McCain won his share of battles, but he was not able to win the presidential election.
The First Battle of Bull Run during the Civil War July 21, 1861
take-no-prisoners style
During a war, enemy soldiers may be captured and held as prisoners of war. However, in some extreme battles, all soldiers are killed and no prisoners are taken. This is referred to as a take-no-prisonersstyle of war. Metaphorically, a politician who makes no concessions and fights for what he or she wants may also be described as having a take-no-prisoner style of governing.
Example: Some Republican Congresspersons have a take-no-prisoner style of writing policies for immigration reform.
badge of honor, badge of shame
After a war, military personnel who have been very heroic may be given medals or badges for their bravery. These may be referred to as badges of honor. Metaphorically, someone who does something good for his or her community may earn a badge of honor. Someone who does something embarrassing may be labeled with a badge of shame.
Example: Although critics of Barack Obama claim his policies in support of the middle class are bad for the country. However, he stated that he wears the title of culture warrior as a badge of honor.
The U.S. Army Medal of Honor
war stories
People who have fought in a war will have many scary stories of their experiences. These are simply called war stories. People involved in politics may also have stories of their experiences in elections or government service. These stories may also be referred to as war stories.
Example: John McCain has many war stories from his experience as a prisoner of war in Vietnam and as a U.S. Congressman for several decades.
I normally discuss only domestic politics in my blog, but today I would like to delve into a bit of international politics. Out of curiosity, I recently analyzed a TIME magazine article about Vladimir Putin to see what metaphors were used to describe him. If you are a TIME subscriber, you can find the article here at http://time.com/92067/vladimir-putins-war/. It is in the May 19th edition of the magazine entitled “’This is War’: Vladimir Putin has seized Crimea and destabilized Ukraine. What drives him?” pp. 30-35, written by Michael Crowley and Simon Shuster.
As you may know, Vladimir Putin has recently been very aggressive in his political and military actions in Russia. He was able to annex Crimea, a former part of the Soviet Union. More recently, he has made moves to annex Ukraine as well, leading to armed conflicts between pro-Russian and pro-Ukrainian military forces and civilians.
In the article I discovered a wide variety of metaphors and figurative language used to describe Putin, his actions and the countries involved in the conflicts. For the summary today, I have chosen a few common categories of conceptual metaphors including nature, personification, metonymy, physical forces, journeys, theater, buildings and fire. All examples are taken directly from the article. Italics are mine to indicate the metaphor(s) being discussed.
Nature
It is quite common to describe states and actions in politics in terms of conditions in nature.
roots
One way to describe the origins of a social or political condition is to compare them to the roots of a tree. One of the sections of the article summarizing Putin’s policies is described simply as follows:
Example: The Roots of Putinism
tepid reaction
States, conditions or actions can also be described in terms of temperature. In a previous post, I described how temperatures correlate to emotions. For example, have hot or cold emotional reactions to a situation. If one does not react at all, we can also say that it is a lukewarm or tepid reaction. Another section of the article describing the reactions of the United States and European countries as being weak or tepid.
Example: A Tepid Western Reaction
rotting
We all have experience with rotting fruits and vegetables. In a twist of metaphors based on apples, the authors compare Moscow to a core of an apple, while the West is rotting.
Example: Then there is the geopolitical creed of Eurasianism, which holds that Moscow is a “Third Rome” that must form the core of a civilization distinct from a decadent and rotting West.
Only people and animals can stand on legs, and yet we can metaphorically speak of conditions or arrangements also standing on their own. After Putin lost a close ally in Ukraine, he also lost influence in the area and lost a chance for a “vision of an ascendant Russia.” The authors of the article then claim:
Example: He would not let it stand.
standoff
When two boxers engage in a fight, they normally stand across from each other. In some instances, this fighting position is referred to a standoff. Larger armed conflicts or political battles may also be called standoffs.
Example: Last month, when Ukrainian soldiers came to put down a pro-Russian rebellion in Smolin’s hometown, his mother Irina was among the first civilians who tried to block the troops by surrounding them. “If I had a gun, I would shoot them myself,” she says. Instead she called her son and his friends to join the standoff, which lasted for nearly 12 hours under a heavy spring rain.
strong and weak
People can be described as being physically strong or weak. Metaphorically, actions or behavior can also be described as strong or weak. The authors of the article use these metaphors several times to describe the reactions of the United States to Putin’s aggressive moves. In another instance, they describe Putin in terms of political strength or weakness.
Example: David Cohen, the U.S. Treasury Department official in charge of sanctions, told CNN on May 4 that the sanctions are “strong and strategic.”
Example: Obama’s critics beg to differ. “Days late and dollars short,” GOP Senators John McCain and Lindsey Graham said in an April 28 statement decrying the “disturbing mismatch between Russia’s actions and our weak response to it.” They argue the sanctions imposed to date will barely dent Russia’s $2 trillion economy.
Example: Whether Putin is operating from a position of strength or weakness remains a crucial, and open, question for the West.
a dagger in the heart
Countries or political arrangements can be described as if they are people. The central part of an arrangement may be described as the heart of it. Breaking up an agreement or ending a project might be referred to as putting a dagger in its heart.
Example: By breaching NATO’s eastern border, he might divide its members over how to respond. Such a direct challenge could be, in the words of former CIA chief John McLaughlin, a “dagger in the heart of the alliance.”
Metonymy
A special type of personification occurs when a building, city or country is described in terms of a person. This type of figurative language is known as metonymy. In the classic example from the Cold War, reporters often stated that “The Kremlin is talking to the White House” meaning that the governments located in those buildings were negotiating some political agreement.
Moscow
In this article, the authors describe Moscow as a person.
Example: France has muted early talk of suspending construction of a helicopter-carrier ship that Moscow purchased in 2011 for a handsome $1.6 billion.
Example: The gambit may have also been a sign of recognition that Ukraine remains an ungovernable mess, even to Moscow.
neighbors
Countries are also described as people who live close together as neighbors.
Example: As Putin continues to menace his neighbors, Western analysts are revising their assumptions about Russia’s cocksure President.
close ties
Countries or geographical regions can also be considered as people who have social relationships. In this case, Ukraine and the West are described as having close ties as if they are friends or colleagues.
Example: In November, Putin managed to persuade Yanukovych to reject an economic agreement with the European Union that would bring closer ties between Ukraine and the West.
Physical Forces
The actions of governments are often described in terms of a person performing a physical action.
crack down, quash, crush
When governments forcefully stop the actions of rebel groups, this action is sometimes described as cracking down on something as if one is hitting it with a stick making a sharp cracking noise. We may also say that they quash or crush something as well.
Example: Putin cracked down on dissent, jailing political rivals and staging an autocratic transition in which he handed off the presidency to his close ally, Dmitri Medvedev, from 2008 to 2012 (while Putin served as Prime Minister), before announcing he would return as President in 2011.
Example: Putin quashed the protests of 2012 handily.
Example: “Putin will have crushed NATO if our eastern borders are not the red line.”
leverage, oust, undercut
A lever is a tool used to move a heavy object. Metaphorically a person can use leverage to change a situation. A person can also move an object from inside an area to outside an area. Thus one can physically oust a person or a group, or metaphorically oust something from a particular area. Finally, one can also cut something with a knife. To undercut something means to cut lower than expected. Metaphorically, this means to impair a person or group from achieving a goal.
Example: Now Putin is following the time-honored autocrat’s tactic of leveraging popularity gained by foreign adventurism to crack down on opposition at home. In recent weeks he has shut down TV Dozhd, a rare source of critical reporting about the Kremlin, and in mid-March, the editor of a popular online news site was ousted for linking to the statements of a Ukrainian ultranationalist.
Example: The U.K. government supports the sanctions so far, but London’s uncertainty about its membership in the European Union undercuts its ability to lead.
Vehicles/Journeys
Progress made towards a goal can be described as journey or as someone operating a vehicle.
drive, steer, lead
In metaphorical terms, we can describe a journey as someone driving, steering or leading towards a goal.
Example: Russia’s president has seized Crimea and destabilized Ukraine. What drives him?
Example: It’s not clear where Putin plans to steer it next or whether he even knows where it might lead.
reverse
Losing progress toward achieving a goal may be described as going in reverse.
Example: Putin was determined to reverse such slights and restore Russia’s place in the ranks of great powers.
path, pull, orbit
In another set of metaphorical journey terms, we can say that a person is on a path towards a goal or someone is pulling someone in a certain direction. In the following direction, the authors mix metaphors of driving on a path with flying in an orbit in outer space.
Example: It will also allow Kiev to implement economic reforms required as part of the IMF’s $18 billion aid package, which may be the best path to pull Ukraine into the orbit of the West.
Theater
One way of talking about government actions is to describe them in terms of a theatrical production including metaphorical expressions such as being on the world stage, staging and actors in a scene. In a final example, the authors mix metaphors of chess – endgame – and the theater – bad actors.
The Orpheum Theater in Vancouver, British Columbia
Example: His advisers have told Western counterparts that Putin long ago grew tired of being made to feel like a second-class citizen on the world stage by American Presidents from both parties.
Example: Putin cracked down on dissent, jailing political rivals and staging an autocratic transition in which he handed off the presidency to his close ally, Dmitri Medvedev, from 2008 to 2012 (while Putin served as Prime Minister), before announcing he would return as President in 2011.
Example: There is always the risk that whatever Putin’s endgame, bad actors on the local scene now have ideas of their own.
Buildings
Governments can be described metaphorically as buildings, while the concept can also be used as an action verb as in building a coalition.
empire building
In one example, we speak of a government creating colonial nation-states around the world as empire-building.
Example: And he is throwing a darker shadow over the 21st century as well: Putin’s talk of lost empires, historic grievances and the moral decadence of the West seems drawn from another era, a throwback to the nationalistic, empire-building Russian czars for whom Putin so often professes his admiration.
Marble pillars at the Ranakpur Jain Temple in Rajasthan, India
pillar
Some ornate buildings are supported by internal or external columns called pillars. Metaphorically, a pillar is a person or thing that supports a cause, as in the familiar phrase, the pillar of the community. In this example, the authors quote a diplomat as he describes Putin’s influence around the world by saying that he has upended the pillar of an old world order.
Example: “Putin has made Russian chauvinism and irredentism the basis of Russian policy,” says Strobe Talbott, president of the Brookings Institution in Washington and a former Deputy Secretary of State. “He has upended what was a fairly major pillar of what George Herbert Walker Bush called the new world order.”
shambles
We are all familiar with the phrase describing something as being in a shambles. Originally, a shamble was a stall in a marketplace used as a meat or fish market. Apparently, these stalls were often messy or disorderly since a metaphorical phrase developed described a messy situation as being in shambles. In this example, we also see the use of a painting metaphor as in something not being completely painted as being spotty.
Example: The economy is in shambles, and civil order is spotty in places.
escalate, de-escalate
A very common way to talk about a situation getting worse is to say that it is escalating. Conversely, a problem that is being resolved may be described as de-escalate. The word escalate is derived from a word meaning a ladder outside of a house, and its derivatives are common in Romance languages to indicate stairs in a house. In the first example, the authors are describing a man named Smolin who was involved in shootout in Ukraine.
Example: The situation escalated when one of Smolin’s friends threw a Molotov cocktail at the Ukrainian soldiers.
Example: After agreeing to a mid-April diplomatic deal that promised to de-escalate the crisis, Putin trampled on it. People who until recently scoffed at the notion of a new European war–one that could draw in NATO and the U.S.–watch the escalating violence in places like Odessa with rising anxiety. “This is real,” says Michael McFaul, President Obama’s last ambassador to Moscow. “This is war.”
Containers
We may also discuss political problems as if they are items inside a closed container.
corked bottles
In one case, the authors have a heading of a section of their article regarding the problems in Ukraine in terms of wine inside of a corkedbottle:
Example: Can the Bottle Be Corked?
wrapped
We can also describe a problem as if it is something wrapped up like a small package. In a rephrasing of a famous old phrase, the authors quote Winston Churchill.
Example: Winston Churchill’s old line about Russia– “a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma”–could easily apply to Putin himself.
Fire
Finally, perhaps the most interesting of all the metaphors used to describe the situation in Ukraine is that of fire. It is common to describe areas of violent conflict as something that is on fire, smoking, having a flash point or being a tinderbox.
flash point
The point at which a combustible material catches fire is called its flash point. Metaphorically, a political situation that may lead to armed conflict or war may also be described as being a flash point. In this example, the situation in Ukraine is described as a flash point in the region.
Example: In the near term, Ukraine will likely serve as a kind of buffer state between Russia and the West–and a lingering flash point for many months, if not years, to come.
up in smoke
When a fire burns it often produces smoke, and when something explodes there is also a great deal of smoke so we may say that something that is stopped or destroyed goes up in smoke.
Example: A series of early predictions–that he wouldn’t seize Crimea, or that seizing Crimea would satisfy him–are up in smoke.
tinderbox
Another way to describe a possibly dangerous situation is to refer to it as a tinderbox, which was the term for a portable box of combustible materials and flint used to start fires in the days before the common availability of matches. An action that creates a new and dangerous conflict may be described as putting a match to the tinderbox.
Example: Unlike Ukraine, the three countries are members of NATO, the collective defense organization whose charter would obligate every member–including the U.S.–to treat any Russian aggression against those countries as aggression against themselves. A move on Latvia, where 26% of the population is ethnic Russian, could put a match to the tinderbox.
stoke, fanning the fires
In one case, we see an example of increasing a conflict or inciting a group to act as stoking a fire or fanning the fires to increase the heat and intensity of the flames.
Example: Not until Russian President Vladimir Putin began to stoke Russian nationalism with his speeches, propaganda and military interventions–first in Crimea and now in eastern Ukraine. Fanning the kind of ethnic fires that burned down the Balkans in the 1990s, Putin has claimed the broad right to protect “compatriots and fellow citizens” outside Russia.
In sum, the metaphors describing the situation in Ukraine and the actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin run the gamut of different types of conceptual metaphors. Readers will need to understand metaphors of buildings, containers, theaters, journeys, physical forces as well as the special types of figurative language known as personification and metonymy. I hope that these examples help everyone understand the descriptions of political actions in this article in TIME magazine. Comments and questions are always welcome.
In my final installment on metaphors of business, I describe conceptual metaphors derived from banking and investing. As a sidebar, I also include a section on metaphors based on manufacturing activities such as producing items for sale. Our experiences with business and banking practices are clearly sources of conceptual metaphors to describe local and national politics.
Manufacturing
product
Products are anything produced by a company in a factory such as cars, brooms, computers, etc. People can also be products of the educational or political systems in which they were trained.
Example: In 2008, critics of Barack Obama complained that he was a product of corrupt Chicago politics.
The Sears, Roebuck & Co. catalog from 1907
catalog
A catalog is a listing of all products available for sale. In metaphorical terms, one can also have a catalog of other abstract ideas, such as illnesses, problems, or controversies.
Example: Every U.S. president faces a whole catalog of problems including economic crises, defense concerns, and constant tax issues.
new brand of politics
A brand is the name of a company that owns or sells something. Other abstract ideas can also be brands.
Example: Supporters of Barack Obama claim that he brought in a new brand of politics in 2008 with an emphasis on helping the poor and the middle class.
novelty candidate
A novelty is a product that is made and sold as something new and unusual that hopefully everyone will want to buy. These are usually toys such as hula hoops or pet rocks. In real terms, the word novelty usually implies that the product is not very serious or useful. In politics, a novelty candidate is someone new to politics and has new ideas, but is not taken seriously by mainstream media or politicians.
Example: As the first woman candidate for president in many years, Hillary Clinton tried to avoid the label of being a novelty candidate.
manufacture
Another word for making something is to manufacture it, as in a product from a factory. In metaphorical terms, someone can manufacture an idea, a problem or a reaction to something.
Example: Sometimes politicians manufacture fear about some social problem so that the public will support them to spend money on solving the problem.
trademark
In business, a trademark is a legal licensing of a certain name or picture that no one else can use. In politics, a trademark is something that it associated with a specific person.
Example: John McCain showed his trademark honesty and straightforward talk in the 2008 presidential election.
The Tokyo Stock Exchange
stock
Stock is all of the products that a company has at one time. The word stock can be used as both a noun and a verb. For example, a grocery store keeps its stock in the back rooms; however a worker in the store can also stock the shelves with the products. The word stock can have other meanings as well. Animals held by ranchers are called livestock. Shares of investments in large companies are also called stocks. A person who trades stocks is a stockbroker. Metaphorically, anything or anyone can also be stocked, meaning there is a great deal of those items or people.
Example: Mayors, governors and presidents stock their staffs with intelligent hard-working people who can help their bosses do the jobs they need to do.
Example: A company stocked with dishonest workers will eventually close and its directors may go to jail.
take stock
Companies must count all of their stock at regular times so they know exactly how many products they have. This is sometimes called taking inventory or taking stock. In metaphorical terms, to take stock means to reflect on or analyze something that just happened.
Example: The 9/11 attacks in New York made Americans take stock of how well the country was being defended.
Banking and Investing
The First American Bank in Ranger, Texas
bank on
Most people put their money in banks because their money is safe there. The phrase to bank on something means that it is something one is confident will work out well.
Example: In 2003, the Bush administration banked on having a quick end to the Iraq war, but it dragged on for years afterwards.
invest time
If a person puts money into the stock market, it is a form of investing money. In popular terms, one can also invest time and effort into a project.
Example: Martin Luther King, Jr. invested his entire life in improving the civil rights of African-Americans.
enrich the lives
If one earns a great deal of money, we say that he or she is rich, or has been enriched by the work or investments. We can be enriched by things other than money, such as friends, family and good humor.
Example: Martin Luther King, Jr. enriched the lives of all Americans with his efforts to improve civil rights.
gold standard
When the United States was founded in 1776, the money that was printed was backed up by an equivalent amount of gold held in the U.S. treasury. The unit of currency that made the paper money equivalent to gold was called the gold standard. In popular terms, the gold standard is something or someone that is considered to be the best in a certain field.
Example: By having a mixture of Democrats and Republicans in his administration, Abraham Lincoln set the goldstandard for bipartisan cooperation in government.
coin a term
The United States mints make the coins that we use every day. Making the metal pieces of money is called coining. In popular terms, one can also coin a new word, term or phrase that no one has used before.
Example: Media analysts in the 1990s coined the terms red state and blue state to indicate Republican and Democratic majorities in those states.
To add another dimension to the collection of metaphors derived from business, here are a few based on our experiences working in offices.
punching the clock
In many factories, workers must mark the time that they arrive for work by sticking a card into a machine that punches or stamps the time directly on the card. This process is usually called punching the clock. In metaphorical terms, punching the clock means one is ready to begin or end something.
Example: Critics of the War in Iraq claimed that the Bush administration already had the clock punched for invading Iraq when the terrorists attacked New York in 2001.
pinpoint
In business or education, places on a map or chart are sometimes indicated by inserting a pin into that point. Thus, to pinpoint something is to indicate its exact location in space or time.
Example: A president’s staff should help the president pinpoint the issues that are the most important to the American people.
stamp
During government or business transactions, the final decision is often printed on the documents with a rubber stamp filled with ink. The stamp may be used to officially record the date, time or status of a transaction. In popular terms, to stamp something means to label it with the views of a particular person, group or political party.
Example: Ronald Reagan put his stamp on economic policies by cutting taxes on businesses.
rubber stamp
In popular terms, to rubber stamp something means to officially approve something without thinking of or fighting for alternatives.
Example: A good president does not rubber stamp every spending bill that comes in the oval office. He or she must consider the results of each bill carefully and consider every alternative.
by all accounts
Every business must keep track of the money they spend and the money they earn. These records of money transaction are called accounts. One can tell how a business is doing by looking at all of their accounts. We also use the phrase by all accounts to indicate that the situation has been well researched.
Example: By all accounts, Herbert Hoover was a very nice man, but he was not a good president.
columns
When an accountant keeps track of the money in a company, he or she must write down the numbers on a paper with separate columns for profits, expenses, wages, etc. In political terms, victories for each political party during an election are metaphorically counted in separate columns as well.
Example: When Barack Obama won the state of Virginia in the 2008 election, that state shifted from the Republican column to the Democratic column.
signature move
After all transactions are complete in business or government, the people involved must sign their names on the document to make it official. Each person’s signature is unique and very important to their identity. In politics, business and entertainment, famous people are said to have signature moves, i.e., something that they often do that is unique to them.
Example: During his presidency, Ronald Reagan’s signature move was to cut taxes on corporations so that they could get more profits and hire more workers.
revolving door
Many large business and government office buildings in big cities have revolving doors at the front entrance. A revolving door is never completely open or closed but constantly alternates between the two so that people can go in and out at the same time. In politics, a revolving door policy occurs when staff members are hired from a certain pool of people, especially when leaders of companies are hired to work for the government, or when former government officials work as lobbyists for the departments they used to regulate.
Example: During his tenure as president, George W. Bush was criticized for having a revolving door in his administration especially when industry leaders were hired as government regulators.
water cooler topic
Most offices have a water cooler from which the employees can get a drink of cold water. Normally, the water cooler is a popular place for people to meet and have conversations about what is going on in their office or in the world. A water cooler topic is something exciting that happened recently and everyone is talking about.
Example: In 2008, when Hillary Clinton had a chance of becoming the first female president, her candidacy was the water cooler topic for many months.
